The fourth in the series of NATO-PA – DCAF public conferences highlighting and the discussing the principal challenges to the transatlantic security agenda focused on the dual prerogatives of security sector reform and establishing the rule of law in Afghanistan. Afghanistan remains of paramount importance for allies on both sides of the Atlantic, and for the international community as a whole. At NATO’s Bucharest summit at the beginning of April 2008, all major international actors reaffirmed their commitment to the Afghan people, yet much remains to be done to provide the conditions for a stable and prosperous Afghanistan, not least to create local ownership of security problems.