In Costa Rica, following persistent complaints from inmates, the Defensoria de los Habitantes (Ombudsperson) initiated an own-motion investigation into the provision of healthcare services within the national penitentiary system, leading to improved access for prisoners to medical personnel.

This investigation uncovered significant shortcomings in management practices, staffing, equipment, organizational and administrative capabilities, and technical and operational oversight. Based on these findings and pursuant recommendations of La Defensoria, the Social Security Fund (CCSS) - which is charged with overseeing the national health system in Costa Rica - agreed in 2022 to provide and pay for more medical personnel in prisons.

The positive impact of this intervention went beyond security sector governance and SDG 16, as it also related to SDG 3 on ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all.